wenty years ago, it was said that if RK were the only method to correct myopia, and then someone invented eyeglasses, he or she would win the Nobel Prize. That may have been true; even in the best of hands, RK was an unpredictable procedure. Only approximately half of eyes achieved 20/20 UCVA,1 and enhancement rates were as high as 40%. Luckily, those days are behind us. Now, with modern laser refractive surgery, more than 90% of eyes see 20/20 uncorrected. 2 Enhancement rates of 5% are typical. It may be fair to say that, if LASIK were the only way to correct myopia and someone came along and invented eyeglasses, its inventor would be no more famous than the inventor of the monocle (whoever that was). Can the same things be said about the refractive results of cataract surgery? Can we confidently achieve 20/20 UCVA in 90% to 95% of eyes after cataract surgery? Is the enhancement rate for premium IOLs generally less than 10%?

In short, the answer is no. We are still in the RK era of cataract surgery. In fact, in the hands of skilled surgeons, only 33% of patients see 20/20 uncorrected after cataract surgery, even though 75% of eyes have a BCVA of 20/20 or better.3 The reason for this is clear: Uncorrected vision is not as good because the refractive outcomes miss the desired target. The standard deviation of manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) after cataract surgery is approximately 0.60 D in the best of hands.4-6 From basic statistics, we know that onethird of eyes are more than one standard deviation away from the mean. This implies that one-third of eyes after modern cataract surgery will have a residual MRSE of 0.75 D or more away from the desired target. Compare that with our wavefront-guided lasers, where 90% of eyes are within 0.50 D of target. With refractive cataract surgery, even if the surgeon manages to get the MRSE correct, there is still the problem of residual astigmatism. Lest anyone doubt that we are still in the RK era of cataract surgery, astigmatism is typically handled with relaxing incisions, another name for arcuate keratotomy. Relaxing incisions are inaccurate. In a recent study, half of eyes still had 1.00 D or more of astigmatism.7

What are we cataract surgeons to do? Following is a list of five strategies to consider that will help you to optimize your cataract outcomes.

No. 1: Biometry. Better biometry is certainly part of the answer—and a good place to start. Partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) is a more reproducible way of measuring axial length than immersion or contact ultrasound. The instrument should be calibrated daily. For eyes that cannot be measured with the IOLMaster, immersion ultrasound is more accurate than contact biometry.

No. 2: IOL constants and tracking results. Using better A-constants and other IOL constants is another important step; surgeons should regularly update the IOL constants in their IOLMaster from the ULIB Web site (http://www.augenklinik.uni-wuerzburg.de/eulib/ index.htm). Keeping track of your own results is important, particularly with a new IOL before pooled data from multiple centers are available to more accurately determine an IOL constant.

No. 3: Incorporation of toric IOLs into your practice. Toric IOLs offer more accurate correction of astigmatism than relaxing incisions, just as LASIK corrects myopia better than RK.7 Currently, approved presbyopia-correcting IOLs in the United States do not correct astigmatism, so surgeons and patients must choose between toric and presbyopia-correcting IOLs. However, our European colleagues have toric presbyopia-correcting IOLs available, including the Acri.LISA (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany); other toric IOLs will be available in the near future.

No. 4: Approach multifocal IOLs cautiously. In the early days of laser refractive surgery, the small optical zone treatment often created a multifocal effect, and some patients were unhappy. As lasers became more monofocal, with larger optical zones and wavefront-guided treatments, patients were happier with the outcomes. In the future, improved accommodating IOLs should lessen the need for multifocals.

No. 5: Keep your eye on new technologies. We may soon have IOLs that can be adjusted noninvasively after they are in the eye, such as the Light Adjustable Lens (LAL; Calhoun Vision, Inc., Pasadena, CA). It is made from a photosensitive polymer that responds to UV light postoperatively by changing shape. In clinical trials, the LAL allowed the correction of up to 2.00 D of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.8-10 The LAL may also allow control of spherical aberration, providing an expanded depth of near focus (personal communication, Pablo Artal, MD, PhD, May 2009). The LAL is available commercially in Europe and is currently in FDA phase 2 trials. When that time comes, we will confidently be able to say that cataract surgery is indeed a modern refractive procedure.  

Robert K. Maloney, MD, is in private practice and is the director of the Maloney Vision Institute in Los Angeles. He is the chief medical officer of Calhoun Vision, Inc., and a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics Inc. Dr. Maloney may be reached at (310) 208-3937; info@maloneyvision.com.

• Waring GO III, Casebeer JC, Dru RM. One-year results of a prospective multicenter study of the Casebeer system of refractive keratotomy. Casebeer Chiron Study Group. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(9):1337-1347.


• Slade SG, Durrie DS, Binder PS. A prospective, contralateral eye study comparing thin-flap LASIK (sub- Bowman Keratomileusis) with photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology. 2009;116(6):1075-1082.


• Summary of Safety and Effectiveness Data. US FDA Web site. http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/05m0117/05m-0117-aav0001-03-SSED-vol1.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2009


• Randleman JB, Foster JB, Loupe DN, et al. Intraocular lens power calculations after refractive surgery: consensus-K technique. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(11):1892-1898.


• Leccisotti A. Intraocular lens calculation by intraoperative autorefraction in myopic eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246(5):729-733.


• Olsen T. Calculation of intraocular lens power: a review. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2007;85:472-485.


• Mendicute J, Irigoyen C, Ruiz M, et al. Toric intraocular lens vs. opposite clear corneal incisions to correct astigmatism in eyes having cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35:451-458.


• Hengerer FH, Mellein AC, Buchner SE, Dick HB. The light-adjustable lens. Principles and clinical applications. Ophthalmology. 2009;106(3):260-264.


• Chayet A, Sandstedt CA, Chang SH, et al. Correction of myopia after cataract surgery with a lightadjustable lens [published online ahead of print November 20, 2008]. Ophthalmology. 2009.


• Chayet A, Sandstedt CA, Chang SH, et al. Correction of residual hyperopia after cataract surgery using the light-adjustable intraocular lens technology. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147(3):392-397.